The nature of the Civil Air Defense

Before talking about the general concept for the prevention of incidents we would like to point out that the nature of flying in the air and exposure to volatile weather and what is required by the flight concerning speed and accuracy, focus and courage to act quickly and high physical fitness and depending on many supporters, such as air traffic control, maintenance, training, etc., all these elements make The process of flying an operation with many risks and to work on the brink of danger and the delivery of pilots and aircraft to the upper limit of the capabilities, as well as the aircraft of the civil defense by adding internal fuel container with large quantities of fuel that we have to be at high degree of vigilance and caution, and physical fitness and endurance to reduce the air crashes, and we should expect with courage and patience that such incidents may at any time.

• The general concept for the prevention of accidents:

The concept of prevention of accidents is an Islamic concept found in the believer, who believes that what happened to him is due to Allah destiny and fate, but at the same time he his obliged to take the reasons to avert risks and avoid accidents before they occur, and the evidences are many in the Koran, Precept, and Arab Proverbs and wisdom, to cite the most important of which ‘Allah says’ (be cautious) (1), blessings and peace be upon him says(think and rely) (2) and as it is said "an ounce for prevention is worth a pound of cure" (3).

• Civil Air defense concept for the prevention of accidents:

There are two entry points to prevent accidents:

- negative entrance:
Is to wait until accidents occur and then investigate the causes and get out of the investigation with recommendations and actions to be taken to ensure non-recurrence in the future.

- the positive input:
Anticipate the occurrence of the incidents in searching for its causes characterized in what we call with the concealed dangers and preventive programs and plans to remove or correct it to avoid what could result due to accidents or minimize their effects to minimum possible limit.

- the efforts of civil defense for safety achievements at the positive entrance for the prevention of accidents and the of far-sighted concept or advance preparations to take the necessary steps to eliminate the concealed risks surrounding the operation of aircraft, or to reduce it, and this requires the identification of the areas of risk first in preparation for the start of taking the necessary effective measures for its prevention and forbid the Accidents that may be caused by it.

- The aim of civil defense aircraft in the programs for the prevention of the plane accidents is not the adequate accomplishment of safety in itself, and we sum up this that the prevention of accidents of the aircraft of the civil defense in the world is an ongoing process aiming to know the reasons for of the accidents i.e. the areas of risk, and track those reasons and to take immediate actions necessary to correct Or remove it in order to prevent accidents from happening in order to avoid the loss of life and property.

• The Objective of the program on prevention of air crashes:

The aim of the program for the prevention of aircraft accidents is to identify the elements and activities, actions and follow-up and continuous oversight by the officials of aircraft safety in accordance with the plans and programs that enabled them to prevent airplane accidents.

• The definition of the incident:

- The definition of the incident in the language:
o Stated in the chapter "crown of the Arab language and Arabic chapter"
o Talk: "Contrary to the old and exciting talking"
o Create and invent.
o The definition of the accident in the Civil Defense flight:
o There are two types of air crashes which are:
o The incident:
o Is a danger that happens resulting in the loss of life or loss of any aircraft or aircrew?

Are non-fatal human cases, or a non expensive loss of property, which is the result of human or technical error?

• Conditions that is conducive to the incident:
The causes of accidents are many such as the human factor and technical defect, therefore, caution and vigilance must be taken during performing the job through air and ground safety requirements.

• The causes of plane accidents:
- Sensitivity of the planes and the importance of professionalism and specialization:
The Civil Air Defense does the important work through the implementation of the important tasks entrusted to him precision to the extent in according to where the advanced required technology reached for the operation and maintenance of aircraft and equipment, and due to the sensitivity of the aircraft it was obligatory for every person working in there to search and make sure of the specialization required to deal with it in accordance with the safety requirements.

- when do the air crashes happen:
The causes of the plane accidents begin due to the failure in identifying the actual needs of the processes and requirements through the design of aircraft and equipment supporting it, and producing it and operating and maintaining it. It also arises from the low level of the operating crews’ train with the ground equipment and support devices and the concealing dangers in operating, as well as each incident must be analyzed to determine the cause and make the necessary effort to access and determine why.

The causes of accidents can be classified as follows:
- Human error.
- The technical fault.
- Varied.
- Non-specific.

• human factors:
Everyone knows that human is the aim of safety and the goal to achieve it, and the specialized had found out the appropriate safety rules and its principles through research and experience, and develop its application methods to protect human. And safety has become important in the field of flight because of its nature full of danger and surprises, and the specialists were keen to provide all relevant safeguards in terms of aircraft Design and manufacturing in accordance to the scientific standards and processing it with an accurate technology, and the cautious pilot is the one who maintains his health and physical fitness and persistence in training and reading in the field of his domain and safety, as well as he respects the sensitivity of his work, so he doesn’t expose himself to exhaustion and fatigue and avoid the worry and concern, and care for the balanced nutrition, and consults his doctor in all matters relating to his health.

• human error:
From the past experience in airplane accidents, the analysis proved that the largest proportion of incidents is linked to human error, and we must always be aware during the investigation in an incident, we are looking for the cause of the accident and not the person to bear him the responsibility or to blame him, and since the Civil Air Defense carry out in its duties on manpower the aircrew and maintenance individuals, air traffic control and leadership at all levels must understand the importance of safety and they must learn how the accident and how to prevent them happening again. This is achieved through education, awareness and safety programs, training and supervision, and human risk ranges in the following reasons:
- The weakness in level of training or drop it.
- The weakness in the level of supervision.
- Non-application of regulations, instructions and particularly the non-use (check list).
- Neglect.
- Fatigue.
- Concern.
- Lack of focus.
- Lack of commitment to physical fitness.

• Technical defect or failure of materials.
One of the most difficult causes of accidents that results from a technical faults and in contrary to human error made by the maintenance staff for the defect that occurs in a device cause an error in its installation which is the responsibility of the maintenance technician, but the side who has designed the device also holds responsibility, if it has to design the system in a way to prevent the risk of error in Installation, and the technical error refers to the faults in one of the following operations:
- Design.
- Maintenance.
- Manufacturing.
- The failure of materials.

• Various reasons:
There are some incidents which cannot be traced to human error or to substantive defect or failure of materials; it is called reasons or a variety of factors such as:
- Weather forecasts.
- Collisions with birds.

• Non-specific reasons:
Although the investigating commissions in the accidents of the airline is making maximum efforts to find out the real causes of such incidents, but there are some cases where it is not possible to obtain evidence leading to know the real reasons. In these cases, the cause of the accident is classified as "unknown" with the mentioning of the probable cause of the accident in the final report.

• Three elements that must be focused on for the prevention of incidents:
• plane:
The plane must be fully valid for the use at all times and under all circumstances, and the internal design of the (cabin) characterizes an important to facilitate the task of the crew and take into account the limited time and absorption. Although it is often we have to change much in the design set but we must know the restrictions and the difficulties and how the best way with it, and the search for differences between the training means and the aircraft if there were any and address its negative effects.

• Crew:
Studies indicate that about 80% of aircraft accidents are caused by human error, which requires the focus to remove or minimize it as possible, and this is being done through the effective training to qualify the crew and full qualification and to know himself and his limitations, and the limitations of the plane and self-discipline and to recognize the mistakes and take advantage of them, and ensure self-development, And the development of a sense of air and notice the trainee through mandatory religious lectures in each session with the importance of preserving life and property and that reckless and irregularities is leading to self suicide which forbidden by our religion.

• Supervision:
Tony Kern says in the book (flight discipline) a professional pilot without air discipline is a ticking bomb and it cannot for any force or any professional to compensate this, and here comes the role and importance of the oversight for the detection of non-disciplined and stop them.
And Napoleon says there is no bad crew, but there are only bad leaders, and the leaders must be wary of unwarranted control, which leads to the killing creativity, and leaders need to be given greater authority to dispose of non-disciplined guys through specific actions to ensure the injustice. And the supervision factor is the most important component for the prevention of accidents to deal directly with the human element that is the greatest cause the of the majority of accidents, and the crew must be devoted to its specializations, and to provide its needs through treatment, housing and financial rights to feel secure and self-confidence and retain information base of crews through training for use when needed, there may be indicators of creative and vice versa, and maybe there are indications of concealed risks that can be avoided, and it is necessary to emphasize the importance of the trainer or supervisor must be an example, for one breach of one of the two could pave the way for a series of irregularities that may end in tragic incidents, and self-discipline is the basis of air sense.

• The best way to prevent air crashes:
- Strict adherence to the sensitive conditions when selecting pilots students graduate from the Faculty, and when distributing them, especially at the appropriate flight.
- Intensify the safety lectures during the study at the existing training centers in the bases of civil defense and the improve of the programs of safety
- To intensify training of flight and low flight.
- Activating the follow-up and punishment, and sudden evaluation of the air crew.
- The continuity of flight and rehabilitation sessions.
- Interest in scheduling and especially the schedule of the special flight and what accompanies it from delay and cancellation of training and the lack of the crew rest and not giving the crew time for maintenance.
- To provide training assistance (facilities and support services, maintenance and manpower).
- To raise the morale of the aircrew and motivating them and inspiring the spirit of work as a one team, and to instill a sense of belonging to the unit and cherish it.
- Understand the problems of the aircrew and its solutions through the good communication between the commanders and their subordinates, which helps in knowing the social and psychological problems suffered by the crew before they cause accidents.
- The selection of leaders with experience and strong personality and the ability to make the right decisions and impartiality.
- To find mechanism for reporting about the violations of the aircrew without affecting adversely at the one who reports.
- When the helicopters (KV107) in its special assignments, it should not be urgent and ensure the availability of safety factors before committing to carrying out those functions.
- To develop and intensify safety education programs to cultivate and develop the sense of safety and inherently since the beginning of attending the flight, and to make this sense a part of the trainee’s personality during his career.
- Estimate the specialized lectures on some of the incidents and causes, and apply annual seminars at the level of the flight of the Civil Defense to discuss ways to prevent air crashes.

o Nisa verse 71.
o The Termazi Mosque
o Arab wisdom